How cells communicate Transport across membranes Crossing the border Going with the flow It is an uphill battle Cell-cell interactions Sending and receiving signals Signal transduction Enzyme-linked receptors G proteins Deactivating the signal Concept/Term Description/Answer Adaptor Proteins Proteins that act as accessories to main proteins in a signal transduction pathway. Amplification The process of increasing … Read more
Structure of lipids Saturated fatty acids Forming fats and oils Other types of lipids Roles of lipids Glycolipids Glyceroglycolipids Sphingoglycolipids Lipoproteins Eicosanoids Concept/Term Description/Answer Saturated Fatty Acids Fatty acids with only single bonds between neighboring carbons. They are saturated with hydrogen, maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. Stearic acid is … Read more
Nucleic Acids Structure of nucleic acids Nucleotides Navigating nucleotides The naming of nucleotide bases DNA and RNA synthesis Differences between RNA and DNA The DNA double helix The function of DNA and RNA Types of RNA and their function Concept/Term Description/Answer RNA Ribonucleic acid Central Dogma DNA➞mRNA➞Protein Structure of RNA Single strand of nucleotides, … Read more
Most cellular jobs are performed by proteins Proteins interact with other molecules in specific ways to perform cellular functions Levels of protein structure Categories of protein structure Primary structure Amino acids bond to each other by condensation. Water is formed as covalent bond forms between two amino acids The bond being formed is called a … Read more
Structure of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are molecules made up of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon There are two main types of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides Monosaccharide classes are ketoses and aldoses Polysaccharides Classification of polysaccharides Functions of carbohydrates Glycoconjugates Glycolipids and lipopolysaccharides as membrane components Lectins Concept/Term Description/Answer Structure of Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are molecules made up of hydrogen, oxygen, … Read more
Atoms that makeup living things The six elements that make up 99% of all living matter are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorous, oxygen, and sulfur. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function in an organism. An organ is made of tissues synchronized together for a particular role. When two or more organs combine to … Read more
Viruses: For the virus to recognize host cells, it uses the capsid which has a specific structure to unlock a receptor site on the host cell membrane. There are DNA viruses and RNA viruses. RNA viruses are known to mutate faster with minimal immunity while DNA viruses mutate after a long period of time, allowing the body to develop … Read more
Cells and Viruses In 1676, van Leeuwenhoek used his microscopes to look into a drop of lake water and discovered small tiny creatures living in it. He laid the foundations of cell biology and microbiology A Cell is defined as the membrane-bound structure that forms the basic unit of life. The cytoplasm of the cell is … Read more
Diversity of cells The four eukaryotic kingdoms are fungi, protists, Animalia, and Plantae. Kingdom Plantae includes plants that manufacture their own food. Kingdom Animalia is for animals that ingest and digest food from external sources rather than making their own. Kingdom fungi are decomposers who decompose organic wastes to obtain nutrients. Kingdom protists are for … Read more
Concept/Term Description Enzymes A class of proteins that act as catalysts and increase the rates of biochemical reactions. They are not consumed during the reaction. General properties of enzyme structure Enzymes are linear chains of amino acids that fold into a three-dimensional structure. The sequence of amino acids determines the catalytic activity. Enzymes have an … Read more