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Structure of Chloroplast Function of Chloroplast Components Adaptations for Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Stages Calculations and Concepts Summary Chloroplasts, essential for photosynthesis, consist of grana, thylakoid membranes, granal membranes, chlorophyll, and stroma. Adaptations in thylakoid and grana structures, chlorophyll arrangement, and presence of DNA and ribosomes optimize chloroplasts for efficient photosynthesis. The process involves light and dark … Read more

The Central Dogma outlines the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It governs the processes of transcription and translation, crucial for gene expression. DNA Structure and Replication Transcription Translation Post-Translational Modifications Revision Questions-Answers

Boyles law Equation PV = K Where P = pressure V = Volume K Is the constant To find pressure or volume, the equation becomes Pi Vi = Pf Vf Pi = initial pressure of the gas Vi = initial volume of the gas Pf = Final pressure Vf = Final volume Example. 1 A … Read more

An autocratic leader has absolute power over the followers and allows minimal input from the team. A bureaucratic leader follows rules rigorously and makes sure the follows adhere to those rules as well, failure to which they are punished. A charismatic leader is a leader who inspired followers to be enthusiastic and is considered a … Read more

In an organization, communication is not just sending and receiving messages. Rather, it entails how organizations present, constitute, and represent organizational climate and culture – the attitudes and goals. For the manager, he/she is expected to uphold this culture through strategies that support the organization’s long term objectives and set goals. Bad news includes but … Read more

Nucleic Acids The genetic code in cells is made up of DNA. DNA specifies the construction of proteins and the generation of RNA. DNA and RNA are nucleotide polymers. Structure of nucleic acids Nucleic acids are information molecules in cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid is the most famous nucleic acid. Ribonucleic acid is less known and very … Read more

Strong interpersonal skillsa person who is able to communicate, work in group an have a nice personality A list of interpersonal skills*Verbal Communication – What we say and how we say it.*Non-Verbal Communication – What we communicate without words, body language is an example.*Listening Skills – How we interpret both the verbal and non-verbal messages … Read more

Aggregate Demand This is the total amount of goods and services consumers are willing to buy. Example: all the products and services that people, businesses, and the government will buy Aggregate Supply The total supply of all the goods and services available in an economy Example: all the products and services which are made available … Read more

What are enzymes? Are they consumed during the reaction?Enzymes are a class of proteins that act as catalysts and increase the rates of biochemical reactions. They are not consumed during the reaction. Describe the general properties of the structure of an enzyme.Like all proteins, enzymes are linear chains of amino acids that fold to produce … Read more

NucleotidesThe monomers from which the polymers DNA and RNA are made ATP, energy-rich molecule==> provides energy for biochemical reactions;Cyclic AMP & cyclic GMP=> intracellular signals;Substrates for kinases (an enzyme that adds a phosphate group to a protein);Enzyme cofactorsWhat are some functions of nucleotides? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)RNA (ribonucleic acid)What are the 2 classes of nucleic acids? … Read more