The cell Every living matter has six constituents: Carbon, Hydrogen. Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Sulfur. The most prominent element in things is carbon: Because It can form a wide range of stable covalent bonds Carbon-carbon chains are unlimited in length. Organic compounds in the cell-like amino acids and nucleotides are monomers for nucleic acids and … Read more
Enzymes are protein catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy They are defined as biocatalysts synthesized by living cells that speed chemical reactions Classes of enzymes Oxidoreductases – Oxidation to reduction Transferases – Group transfer Hydrolases – Hydrolysis Lyases – Addition and elimination Isomerases – Interconversion of isomers … Read more
Types of inheritance complicated by other factors Incomplete dominance: Two alleles can join to form a phenotype that is between recessive phenotype and the dominant phenotype. Codominance: The effects of two alleles contribute equally to the phenotype. Pleiotropy: It occurs when a single gene has several different phenotype characteristics. Polygenic traits: The phenotype is affected … Read more
What information would you want to know before entering a new market? How many firms are in the industry? How competitive is the market? Is there demand for my product/service? How much money will I need to enter? What is market structure?Factors or dimensions of a market that affect managerial decisions: Number of firms in … Read more
Mendel’s laws The dominance law states that one trait can hide another form of the trait. The visible trait is known as the dominant trait while the hidden trait is referred to as the recessive. The segregation law states that when adults make gametes, they give one message to each trait of gamete. The independent … Read more
What is DNA replication? It is the process by which cells copy their DNA. It occurs in a cell going to reproduce itself by either meiosis or mitosis. Mutations, mistakes in the DNA sequence, can affect the cell’s normal function. The cells have a process of the parent DNA code and copying the DNA into … Read more
Types of molecules encoded by DNA RNA molecules They are involved in the synthesis of proteins. Some RNA molecules act as carriers of information. Other RNA molecules have enzymatic activities. Proteins These are the main workers in the human cell. They perform many functions like signaling, catalysis and structural support. The central dogma This is … Read more
Gene regulation This is a process through which cells identify the genes to utilize and genes not to use. Cells can change the genes they need depending on signals or the environment. The information in genes is first transcribed into RNA then translated into proteins. Proteins that are essential for the survival of the cells … Read more
Cutting with restriction enzymes Restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes) are produced by bacteria to cut DNA into small fragments. The enzymes help bacteria to prevent viruses. Every restriction enzyme cuts DNA at certain regions called restriction sites. If you need to transfer a human gene into a bacterial plasmid, the following steps can be followed. Select … Read more
Atoms and elements An atom is a small unit of matter that can show element identity during a chemical reaction. An element is a molecule that can be degraded by chemical reactions into simple substances. Important elements in physiology include: Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen Isotopes are atoms of elements with different neutron numbers and different … Read more